Sistema de negociação de empréstimos

Sistemas de negociação: projetando seu sistema - Parte 2.
A seção anterior sobre a concepção de um sistema de negociação examina os diferentes tipos de mercados em que se comercializa e examina os dois gêneros básicos dos sistemas de negociação: sistemas de tendência e contra-tendência. Essas duas estratégias formam a base sobre a qual todos os sistemas de negociação são construídos e os mercados fornecem o meio. Nesta segunda seção sobre a concepção de um sistema de negociação, dividimos os dois gêneros em componentes individuais, examinamos o processo empírico de tomada de decisão e, finalmente, damos uma olhada em como o software revolucionou a negociação do sistema.
Conforme mencionado na introdução, os sistemas de negociação são construídos usando parâmetros - os grupos de regras específicas que geram pontos de entrada e saída para qualquer patrimônio determinado. Ambos os sistemas de negociação de tendências e contra tendências aderem a quatro princípios básicos que regem a construção de qualquer sistema comercial. Esses princípios são também as características essenciais de um sistema efetivo:
O sistema deve ganhar dinheiro - Isso é fácil de dizer, mas difícil de fazer. Maximizar a porcentagem de retorno deve ser seu principal objetivo ao projetar um sistema de negociação.
Tomada de decisão empírica.
Um sistema de negociação exige que o designer faça algumas decisões empíricas que afetam diretamente o desempenho do sistema - se não houvesse necessidade dessa tomada de decisão, todos seriam ricos. Aqui estão alguns dos fatores básicos que os projetistas do sistema devem decidir e algumas diretrizes:
Que período de tempo devo usar? Todas as ações podem ser analisadas a partir de múltiplas perspectivas de períodos, variando de um minuto a uma década (ou mais). Decidir qual período de tempo testar pode afetar drasticamente o desempenho do sistema. Resultados mais confiáveis ​​geralmente provêm de períodos de tempo mais longos, enquanto períodos curtos podem ser enganosos ao julgar as condições reais do mercado. No entanto, isso não significa que apenas períodos de preços extremamente longos devem ser usados. É importante ter em mente que, quanto mais longo o período de tempo, mais tempo pode levar para que o lucro seja realizado. Observe o seguinte exemplo de longo prazo da Microsoft, um período de mais de 20 anos, comparado ao curto prazo, um período de poucas semanas:
Podemos ver claramente que o curto prazo não é uma representação precisa do longo prazo, e vice-versa. Como regra geral, cinco a dez anos é um bom alvo para os comerciantes do sistema de médio a longo prazo, e seis meses a cinco anos é um intervalo razoável para os comerciantes de curto prazo. Mais uma vez, depende de quando planeja liquidar.
Qual a série de preços que devo usar? A maioria das ações é classificada em uma série de preços ininterruptos - ou seja, os gráficos são contínuos. Ao negociar futuros e algumas outras ações, no entanto, existe uma opção para usar dados reais do contrato em vez de continuidade. Os contratos de futuros apenas duram alguns meses, e o backtesting do sistema geralmente requer um ano ou mais de dados; portanto, os comerciantes do sistema usam frequentemente futuros contínuos, que são uma série de contratos combinados para criar um fluxo contínuo de dados. Como uma regra geral, os comerciantes de longo prazo devem manter os futuros contínuos, enquanto os comerciantes de curto prazo devem usar os dados reais do contrato.
A evolução do computador é talvez a maior força motriz por trás do sistema comercial. Originalmente, os computadores eram usados ​​apenas para cortar os números; Eventualmente, eles adquiriram a capacidade de realizar simulações, gerar sinais em tempo real e até mesmo fazer negócios para o comerciante! Algum software é projetado simplesmente como uma plataforma a partir da qual um desenvolvedor do sistema pode construir um sistema; outro software usa redes neurais para "aprender" dos mercados e se aprimorar. Algum software está instalado no disco rígido do usuário; Outro software é fornecido apenas online. Aqui estão alguns dos programas básicos utilizados pelos desenvolvedores de sistemas:
O software do lado do cliente deve ser instalado no computador do usuário. Muitas vezes, ele está conectado à internet e é capaz de obter dados em tempo real (incluindo preços, notícias, etc.). Nota: algumas empresas cobram não só pelo software, mas também pelos dados. Esses aplicativos geralmente permitem que o usuário especifique o período de tempo, os tipos de parâmetros e muito mais. Uma das características mais importantes, no entanto, dá ao usuário a capacidade de programar um sistema. Isso é feito usando uma linguagem de programação simples (muitas vezes específica para o aplicativo usado) com a qual você pode configurar regras para gerar sinais de compra e venda - estes então aparecem diretamente no gráfico. Aqui está um exemplo de um aplicativo do lado do cliente chamado MetaTrader:
O software do lado do servidor é instalado em um servidor remoto. Muitas vezes, esses aplicativos retornam sinais que são exibidos ao público por meio de uma página da Web (ou uma base de assinantes). Isso elimina a necessidade de qualquer software do lado do cliente que não seja um navegador da Web. Além disso, o usuário paga uma pequena taxa de assinatura em vez de comprar um programa e pagar uma assinatura de dados. Finalmente, o usuário não precisa desenvolver o sistema, apenas recebe sinais gerados. Mas você deve se lembrar que esse tipo de software é muitas vezes suscetível a golpes, enquanto o software do lado do cliente não é. (Para mais informações, consulte Codificação de sistemas de negociação.)
Agora você tem uma compreensão básica dos sistemas de negociação: você sabe o que são, os diferentes tipos de sistemas que existem, os fatores a ter em mente ao projetá-los e o software usado para facilitar o comércio de sistemas em você. Em seguida, examinaremos como realmente construir um sistema comercial e usá-lo!

Sistema bancário comercial avançado da ACBS.
O ACBS é o sistema abrangente de empréstimos e comércio comercial da Fidelity Information Services. É composto por módulos funcionais integrados que suportam o processo de empréstimo, desde a construção de contratos através da manutenção e comercialização. O sistema incorpora um processo de gerenciamento de fluxo e fluxo de trabalho de "uma vez e feito" que integra originação, sindicação, estruturação de negócios, documentação, aprovação de crédito, monitoramento de portfólio e negociação com operações de back-office e processos contábeis. Esses recursos, juntamente com a única fonte de informação usada por todos os componentes, acelera o processo, reduz erros e elimina o esforço redundante.
O sistema ACBS fornece às instituições comerciais de crédito uma forma abrangente e econômica de gerenciar e atender as carteiras comerciais de empréstimos. Multi-plataforma, multi-moeda e pronto para o euro, a ACBS lida com múltiplas estruturas de tarifas e preços, bem como com produtos de empréstimo complexos, como sindicatos. Os usuários do ACBS incluem algumas das maiores instituições financeiras do mundo, bem como muitos bancos pequenos, regionais e privados.
O Advanced Trading Office Secondary Sales & amp; O módulo Trading (ATSS & amp; T) oferece um conjunto abrangente de ferramentas que fornecem o mais alto nível de automação, eficiência e rentabilidade para um negócio de comércio de empréstimos comerciais no mercado secundário, garantindo simultaneamente um acesso poderoso e fácil a todas as informações associadas ao negócio. Para os clientes existentes da ACBS, esta oferta aproveita totalmente todas as informações existentes disponíveis e adiciona recursos substanciais para gerenciar essa informação.
Todos os módulos ACBS usam o mesmo banco de dados comum, o que garante a consistência total dos dados para todos os usuários e garante que nenhuma informação seja inserida ou mantida de forma redundante.
Para mais informações, visite: acbs.
Plataformas: IBM i e Windows.
Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., uma divisão da Fidelity National Financial, o Grupo ACBS.

Trabalhe mais inteligente.
Escolha Black Mountain.
Acesse dados em tempo real e precisos necessários para gerenciar eficientemente seu negócio com o conjunto de soluções flexíveis e escaláveis ​​de gerenciamento de investimentos da Black Mountain.
Confiável pelos líderes da indústria em todo o mundo.
Sua equipe está gastando mais tempo compilando dados do que analisá-lo?
Implante a experiência de usuário Best-in-class da Black Mountain em seus desafios de gerenciamento de investimentos mais difíceis. Ele vem com implantação rápida e de baixo risco, tudo com flexibilidade e configuração de software custom-built.
Gerenciamento de portfólio.
Gerenciamento de portfólio.
O gerenciamento de portfólio torna-se tedioso e ineficiente quando você está gerenciando todas as suas carteiras usando o Excel e vários sistemas desconectados e fontes de dados. A falta de informações de investimento e negociação em tempo real, má qualidade dos dados e falta de controles, causam um impacto material no desempenho da sua equipe.
A Black Mountain integra todas as informações usadas por um gerenciador de portfólio em painéis em tempo real e relatórios interativos que lhes permitem gerenciar suas carteiras em um único lugar com informações abrangentes, precisas e atualizadas.
Gestão de pedidos comerciais.
Gestão de pedidos comerciais.
Quando os fluxos de trabalho de negociação não estão integrados com participações, dados mestre de segurança e controles de conformidade e operação, as interações entre as várias equipes tornam-se opacas e ineficientes. Para gerar eficiência, transparência e conformidade em suas operações comerciais, você precisa de todos os seus dados e processos integrados.
A solução de gerenciamento de pedidos comerciais da Black Mountain oferece eficiência e conformidade comercial, organizando e agilizando fluxos de trabalho diários associados à negociação de qualquer classe de ativos (por exemplo, Dívida, Ações, ABS / MBS, FX, Swaps, outros Derivados, etc.).
Conformidade.
Conformidade.
O gerenciamento de conformidade requer uma visão holística das exposições de portfólio, negociação e contrapartes, bem como monitoramento em tempo real e alertas em todas as carteiras, que o Excel e as soluções de terceiros não podem efetivamente entregar.
A Black Mountain integra a exposição atual e os dados de mercado para fornecer conformidade em todas as etapas do ciclo de vida comercial, incluindo testes hipotéticos, pré-comércio, alocação de comércio, pós-negociação e acompanhamento contínuo de portfólio em todas as carteiras em tempo real.
Gerenciamento de Pesquisa.
Gerenciamento de Pesquisa.
Confiar em e-mail e Excel para gerenciar a compilação e distribuição de informações internas de pesquisa e recomendações de analistas é um processo pesado.
A Black Mountain oferece uma solução integrada que simplifica a coleta e distribuição da pesquisa da sua empresa e a integra com suas atividades de investimento e negociação.
Empréstimos diretos.
Empréstimos diretos.
Confiando em e-mail e Excel para gerenciar um empréstimo através do seu ciclo de vida de originação, subscrição, alocação, financiamento, monitoramento, emendas, etc.
A solução da Black Mountain é projetada em torno da coleta, organização e geração de relatórios de um alto volume de dados diferentes e no gerenciamento de processos comerciais complexos. Nossa solução foi projetada especificamente para desafios diretos de empréstimos.
Armazém de dados.
Armazém de dados.
Os dados históricos mantidos em planilhas ou sistemas legados cobram tempo e esforço desnecessários para a equipe compilar dados para séries temporais ou análises ponto-a-tempo.
A Black Mountain oferece uma ferramenta robusta de extração de dados, transformação e carregamento (ETL), fornecendo um poderoso data warehouse para séries temporais e relatórios ponto-a-tempo e recursos de data mart para gerenciamento de dados de fonte dourada.
Atribuição de Desempenho.
Atribuição de Desempenho.
Para benchmarks de desempenho e análise de atribuição, os gerentes de ativos foram necessários para desenvolver soluções de atribuição de desempenho no Excel, criando um processo ineficiente e pesado.
A solução de Atribuição de Desempenho da Black Mountain permite aos gerentes calcular o desempenho e atribuir esse desempenho com base em efeitos de alocação e seleção usando os métodos padrão compatíveis com GIPS e da indústria. A análise pode ser realizada em qualquer atributo de segurança mantido no sistema e os resultados podem ser comparados a qualquer benchmark.
Contabilidade de portfólio # 038; Agente.
Contabilidade de portfólio # 038; Agente.
Muitas empresas contam com sistemas de contabilidade de portfólio que não são abrangentes ou flexíveis o suficiente para modelar e explicar os investimentos sofisticados de hoje. Além disso, muitos são baseados em tecnologia desactualizada que torna as interfaces e personalizações excessivamente difíceis.
Portadora da Black Mountain Accounting & amp; A solução do agente baseia-se em princípios contábeis fundamentais de débitos e créditos que fornecem a base para modelar facilmente uma ampla gama de tipos de investimento e contabilizá-los de forma consistente e precisa. Construído usando novas tecnologias, nossa solução é baseada em navegador, permitindo fácil implantação, escalabilidade e manutenção e oferece integração perfeita com a nossa solução Front Office, bem como com qualquer outro sistema.
SOLUÇÕES APLICADAS PARA O SEU PAPEL.
Gerente de portfólio.
& # 8220; Nós administramos mais de cem bilhões de dólares em várias classes de ativos e carteiras e nossos profissionais de investimento precisam de uma visão precisa e em tempo real de suas participações negociadas em um único sistema. A Black Mountain provou ser fundamental para nos fornecer a capacidade de tomar decisões com os dados mais precisos na ponta dos dedos. # 8221;
- Steve, diretor-gerente, empresa de gerenciamento de ativos de US $ 150 bilhões.
"Se você é um gerente de crédito sério, a Black Mountain é uma importante ferramenta de gerenciamento, um" must-have ". A plataforma coloca todo o que eu preciso na minha mão: holdings e dados de ativos de múltiplas carteiras, administradores e serviços de dados, e me permite para organizar e analisar os dados de qualquer maneira que eu precise. Eu entro algo uma vez e então posso usá-lo em qualquer lugar, de qualquer forma eu preciso ".
- Brad, vice-presidente de pesquisa de renda fixa.
"A Black Mountain tirou muitas das tarefas mundanas, cotidianas e repetitivas que precisavam ser completadas e liberaram os gerentes de portfólio e os comerciantes para gastar seu tempo trabalhando nas coisas que podem agregar valor aos nossos clientes. Aumentou nosso potencial de crescimento em termos de expandir nossos negócios a partir de uma perspectiva AUM, sem ter que continuar a adicionar funcionários para tarefas administrativas e operacionais ".
- David, comerciante sênior.
Risk & Compliance Officer.
"Meu trabalho é feito muito mais fácil com Black Mountain. Posso monitorar riscos de portfólio e negociação, e aprovar ou consultar problemas de conformidade de uma plataforma intuitiva com dados em tempo real. O sistema gerará alertas e executará testes de hipoglicemia para nos ajudar a corrigir quaisquer violações de conformidade. E posso gerar um relatório de conformidade com os dados atualizados do Black Mountain. "
Gerente de Relações com Investidores.
"A Montanha Negra é parte integrante da nossa vida diária: quando eu entendo todos os dias, eu disparo Outlook, Bloomberg e Black Mountain. É um recurso real como uma ferramenta de marketing e me permite ver as visualizações de investimento e desempenho em todas as carteiras, integrando todos os nossos sistemas de monitoramento e análise de portfólio ".
- Deborah, Vice-Presidente Sênior de Relações com Investidores.
Tecnólogo.
"Senti que estávamos ensinando nosso último fornecedor de tecnologia o que precisávamos, enquanto a Black Mountain conseguiu isso imediatamente".
Operações.
"As capacidades de relatórios robustas da Black Mountain fizeram uma grande diferença para nós. Temos transparência e visibilidade dos relatórios que simplesmente não tivemos antes. Enquanto nossos assentamentos de back-office são feitos do mesmo modo que antes de terem a Black Mountain, economizamos quantidades excessivas de tempo na coleta de dados comerciais e na geração de relatórios de todo o portfólio, porque eles agora estão automatizados ".
- Emily, vice-presidente sênior de operações de crédito.
Notícias e últimas informações.
Black Mountain Takes Home 3 Awards no 2017 Alternative Credit Intelligence European Services Awards.
A Black Mountain tem o prazer de anunciar que recentemente foram premiadas "Melhor Tecnologia - Global", "Uso de Tecnologia Mais inovador" e.
Storm Ahead: Navegando no Desafio da MiFID II e # 038; outros requisitos regulamentares na Europa.
Uma coisa é certa quando se trata do panorama regulatório europeu & # 8212; A mudança é constante. O duplo golpe de EMIR reescreva, o que requer.
Black Mountain e FINCAD Entregam Analytics de Risco Avançado para os Investidores da CarVal.
A integração com a FINCAD F3 adiciona avaliação de mercado e análise de risco para derivativos e renda fixa. SAN DIEGO, 10 de maio de 2017 e # 8212 ;.
Pronto para trabalhar de forma mais inteligente?
Veja o que nossas soluções de gerenciamento de investimentos de melhores práticas podem fazer por você.

DebtX: The Debt Exchange.
Nas noticias.
DebtX ganha patente para o sistema de empréstimo comercial.
Imobiliário comercial direto.
A DebtX recebeu o número de patente 7.035.820 pelo Escritório de Patentes e Marcas dos Estados Unidos para o seu sistema de venda de empréstimos on-line.
A empresa de Boston foi formada em 2000 com um plano para agregar eficiência e liquidez ao mercado secundário de vendas de empréstimos. Automatizou muito do processo de diligência e desenvolveu um sistema através do qual os investidores recebem ampla flexibilidade ao competir por empréstimos que são oferecidos.
A patente é o primeiro conhecido a ser premiado com um processo de empréstimo e vendas e é visto como uma forma de a Debtx proteger os investimentos que realizou no desenvolvimento de seu sistema. A empresa possui uma série de outras patentes pendentes.
O sistema da empresa & # 8217; inaugurou uma nova era de gerenciamento de portfólio ativo para instituições financeiras, & # 8221; Kingsley Greenland, presidente-executivo e co-fundador da Debtx, disse. A patente dos Estados Unidos para a DebtX é outro marco para a empresa e demonstra nosso compromisso em aplicar novos pensamentos para criar soluções inovadoras. & # 8221;
&cópia de; 2018 O INTERCURSO DE DÍVIDA, TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS.

Fusion Banking.
Cresça, otimize e automatize as linhas comerciais comerciais de empréstimos.
Misys FusionBanking Loan IQ alivia os altos custos do sistema e processa a redundância nas operações de empréstimos comerciais. Mas também aumenta sua transparência, melhora o gerenciamento de riscos, fornece visão do cliente e simplifica a entrada em novos mercados ou linhas de negócios.
Muitas instituições financeiras sonham em uma plataforma global baseada em um único modelo de dados com processos operacionais comuns escaláveis. FusionBanking Loan IQ ajuda as instituições a crescer, otimizar e automatizar suas linhas de negócios emprestadas de forma rápida e estratégica. Como? A solução única oferece funcionalidades ricas em todas as fases do ciclo de vida do empréstimo, desde a distribuição e manutenção até negociação e liquidação.
FusionBanking Loan IQ permite a eficiência em operações de empréstimo, de empréstimos complexos complexos, sindicados a alto volume, bilaterais. Promove o crescimento lucrativo apertando o controle, oferecendo fluxo de trabalho simplificado e dados mais precisos e mais precisos.
As instituições que escolhem o QI do FusionBanking Loan executam operações mais efetivas e podem aproveitar as novas oportunidades de negócios mais rapidamente. FusionBanking Loan IQ oferece um caminho comprovado para o sucesso no gerenciamento de empréstimos.
Misys FusionBanking Loan IQ é a solução líder mundial para o atendimento de empréstimos comerciais, incluindo: estruturado, de projeto, sindicado, bilateral, baseado em ativos, imobiliário comercial, empréstimos agrícolas, islâmicos e de nicho.
Visão geral do software IID do empréstimo FusionBanking.
Leia mais informações sobre o FusionBanking Loan IQ.
Empréstimos sindicados em Taiwan: oportunidade em meio a desafios.
O setor bancário de Taiwan é considerado um dos mais lotados da região. Com 38 bancos domésticos e quase um número igual de homólogos estrangeiros, os bancos estão competindo muito para obter um pedaço de th.
Consolidado de empréstimos comerciais.
Reduzindo o custo total do suporte de ponta a ponta em linhas de negócio de empréstimos comerciais; Você está limitando o potencial real do seu projeto?
Reduzindo o custo total do suporte de ponta a ponta em linhas de negócio de empréstimos comerciais; Você está limitando o potencial real do seu projeto?
Há um pequeno número de sistemas capazes de suportar a visão da plataforma de empréstimo comercial unificada, embora tal sistema não seja uma "bala mágica"; só pode satisfazer as ambições e.
O Banco Popular consolida e transforma os empréstimos comerciais.
O Banco Popular está trabalhando para consolidar seu portfólio existente de 17 aplicações de crédito para apenas cinco, com o Misys FusionBanking Loan IQ atuando como sua base estratégica.
Testemunhos.
Andrew Leithhead.
Diretor Executivo, Projetos de Transformação da ANZ.

Sistema de negociação de empréstimos
O presente invento refere-se a um sistema de negociação de empréstimo e ao método correspondente e, mais particularmente, a um sistema de negociação de empréstimos realizado pela Internet para combinar compradores e vendedores de empréstimos através da correspondência de ofertas e ofertas ou através da realização de leilões.
Facilidades de empréstimo bancário.
Grandes corporações e fideicomãos organizam empréstimos bancários em instalações fornecidas por um grupo de bancos e instituições financeiras, também conhecido como um sindicato. Os empréstimos bancários geralmente consistem em empréstimos a prazo e facilidades de crédito rotativo (também conhecidos como revólveres). Os empréstimos a prazo são emprestados ao mutuário e têm uma data de vencimento declarada para o reembolso. Além disso, os empréstimos a prazo podem ser estruturados com um cronograma de amortização que prevê datas de vencimento diferentes para valores parciais do empréstimo a prazo com o pagamento final devido na data final de vencimento. Os empréstimos a prazo podem ser pagos antecipadamente, mas não devolvidos novamente na mesma facilidade.
Pode haver mais de um tipo ou parcela de empréstimo a prazo sob a mesma facilidade. Estes empréstimos a prazo são normalmente diferenciados pela data de vencimento da parcela. Por exemplo, o termo empréstimo com a data de vencimento mais curta, normalmente denominado Empréstimo de prazo A, pode exigir uma amortização única ou um cronograma de amortização com o último pagamento devido na data final de vencimento. Um empréstimo a prazo com prazo mais longo ou uma série de empréstimos a prazo na mesma facilidade pode ter uma data de vencimento maior do que o Termo de Empréstimo A. Por exemplo, uma facilidade de crédito bancário pode ter uma parcela de empréstimo de prazo A, uma parcela de empréstimo de prazo B com prazo final data mais longa do que a parcela de empréstimo de prazo A e uma parcela de prazo de empréstimo C, com uma data de vencimento final maior do que as parcelas de prazo de empréstimo A e empréstimo de prazo B.
Um revólver fornece um compromisso do sindicato para o mutuário para obter uma quantia fixa até a data de vencimento. O compromisso é então composto de duas porções, o valor retirado e o valor não utilizado. O mutuário pode recorrer ao revólver, aumentando a quantidade tirada e reduzindo o valor não utilizado. Parte ou todo o montante retirado também pode ser reembolsado, aumentando assim a disponibilidade sob o compromisso. Os sorteios e os reembolsos podem ocorrer continuamente até a data de vencimento quando todos os valores em dívida são devidos. Não há nenhuma exigência de que qualquer sorteio seja seguido sequencialmente por um reembolso.
Em algumas facilidades de crédito rotativo, os sorteios podem ser baseados na satisfação de certos requisitos que limitam a disponibilidade de dinheiro para um valor inferior ao compromisso total do revólver. Esses requisitos, geralmente sob a forma de cálculos financeiros, gerarão um valor máximo disponível que o mutuário possa recorrer. Este montante restrito de fundos geralmente é referido como a base de empréstimos.
Normalmente, os empréstimos bancários têm taxas de juros flutuantes. Os montantes emprestados são desenhados para intervalos que possuem taxas de juros base estabelecidas pela indústria ou padrões bancários, além de um spread de taxa de juros cobrado ao mutuário. Por exemplo, os fundos podem ser desenhados por vários dias, semanas ou meses. A forma mais comum de taxa básica de juros é a Taxa Aberta Interbancária de Londres ou LIBOR. Por exemplo, um mutuário informaria o grupo bancário de sua vontade de contrair empréstimos sob uma LIBOR de 1 mês. A taxa de juros seria então definida para o intervalo de 1 mês na taxa de juros LIBOR de 1 mês atual mais o spread de taxa de juros que está definido na instalação. No final do período de 1 mês, o dinheiro pode ser reembolsado ou rebordeado por outro período, seja ou não o período seja igual ou diferente. Desta forma, a taxa de juros é declarada como flutuante, pois é reiniciada periodicamente.
Em geral, existem dois tipos de credores em instituições de crédito bancário. Os bancos geralmente fornecem empréstimos sob as frases de revólver e empréstimo a longo prazo. Os investidores institucionais, tais como fundos de investimento, fundos de investimento privado, empresas de investimento ou companhias de seguros geralmente oferecem empréstimos sob o prazo de empréstimos com datas de vencimento mais longas do que a parcela do empréstimo de prazo A. Esses empréstimos a prazo, como o termo empréstimo B e o termo empréstimo C no exemplo anterior, geralmente são referidos como empréstimos institucionais a termo. A combinação do termo empréstimo A e as fracções de revólver são normalmente referidas como as fracções proporcionais.
Até à data, os empréstimos a prazo institucionais geralmente têm um spread de taxa de juros mais elevado do que as tranches proporcionais. Além das diferenças nas datas de vencimento e nos cronogramas de amortização, os credores nas diferentes tranches normalmente possuem os mesmos direitos legais sob a facilidade de empréstimo bancário.
Negociação de empréstimos bancários.
Um mercado ativo desenvolveu para a negociação de empréstimos bancários. Como instrumento privado, a negociação de empréstimos bancários não está sujeita às leis relativas à negociação de títulos públicos. Negociações de empréstimo bancário são realizadas pela cessão do empréstimo bancário de um credor a outro. Os contratos de empréstimo bancário podem ser organizados através da negociação de partes individuais, com a assistência de corretores ou através de um leilão. Não há regulamentos sobre como essas negociações são conduzidas, mas as atribuições normalmente exigem a aprovação do agente administrativo e do mutuário. Um agente administrativo fornece o processamento de papelada e movimento de fundos associados a um empréstimo bancário em nome do sindicato e do mutuário. As aprovações normalmente exigem que não sejam retidos de forma injustificada.
Geralmente, existem duas restrições à cessão de empréstimos bancários, o cumprimento de um valor mínimo de consignação e um valor mínimo retido. O montante mínimo de atribuição define um piso para o valor a ser negociado e o valor mínimo retido pertence ao montante que o cedente ou o vendedor do empréstimo bancário continuará mantendo após a cessão de um montante parcial de seu compromisso. O vendedor pode atribuir seu compromisso total, mas não pode manter um compromisso abaixo do valor mínimo retido.
Os participantes no mercado de empréstimos bancários incluem os bancos e instituições acima mencionados, bem como os revendedores que fazem mercados ou atuam como corretores de empréstimos bancários. Portanto, existem dois tipos de negócios em empréstimos bancários: principal e intermediário. As principais negociações dizem respeito a transações em que um revendedor compre o empréstimo com seu próprio capital e mantenha a posição no inventário até a revenda. Os negócios negociados são aqueles que o negociante arranjou para a compra do empréstimo bancário de um vendedor e a venda do empréstimo bancário a um comprador. Portanto, o revendedor não arrisca seu próprio capital nas duas transações.
Cada troca ou cessão geralmente requer o pagamento de uma taxa de atribuição ao agente administrativo de uma facilidade de empréstimo bancário. Normalmente, as partes dividem essas taxas. No caso de um comércio negociado, o revendedor normalmente pagará metade da taxa pela compra do vendedor e metade da taxa pela venda ao comprador. Observe que um revendedor não é obrigado a realizar uma operação de forma a evitar que o comprador e o vendedor aprendam a identidade dos outros. Portanto, um comprador e vendedor podem realizar uma única troca para efetuar a cessão e dividir a taxa entre si.
Como as funções de mercado.
O mercado de negociação de empréstimos é considerado um mercado de balcão. Isso significa que não há troca através da qual as ofertas e as ofertas são cotadas e as ofertas correspondentes e as ofertas são processadas. Para fins desta discussão, a negociação é dividida em dois tipos: trocas através de interdealer brokers e todos os outros negócios.
Os intermediários da Interdealer combinam negociações entre revendedores apenas. Os intermediários interdealer comercializarão ofertas e ofertas, também conhecidas como ofertas, aos concessionários sem divulgar o nome dos potenciais compradores e vendedores até que uma oferta e oferta sejam correspondidas. Os intermediários interdealer comercializarão as ofertas aos concessionários, seja através de contato telefônico ou através da publicação de ofertas em terminais conectados através de uma linha telefônica direta ao sistema informático do interdealer intermediário. Os sistemas Interdealer Broker não usam a Internet para transmissão.
Esses sistemas interdealer broker fornecem informações limitadas que incluem apenas o nome do mutuário, a parcela oferecida ou licitação, o valor das ofertas e ofertas e o preço no qual as ofertas e propostas são citadas. Para completar um comércio, o revendedor deve entrar em contato com o intermediário intermediário por telefone. As negociações não podem ser concluídas no próprio sistema.
Todos os outros negócios consistem naqueles entre qualquer um dos revendedores, bancos ou instituições. Esses negócios são todos conduzidos pelo telefone.
Sistemas de negociação eletrônica atuais.
A forma mais comum de negociação on-line é a negociação de ações ou ações. Esta negociação pertence apenas a valores mobiliários negociados publicamente que são valores mobiliários registrados na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários dos EUA. Pelo menos uma dúzia de empresas possuem sites de negociação on-line.
Todos esses sites, essencialmente, desempenham a mesma função um com o outro. Os clientes podem inserir ordens no sistema conectado pela Internet para a compra ou venda de ações que podem ser executadas posteriormente através de uma bolsa de valores ou de fabricantes de mercado contábil. Os parâmetros das encomendas estão limitados à questão específica das ações negociadas publicamente, o número de ações a serem vendidas, se o pedido exige a execução para o número total de ações indicadas (designadas como todas ou nenhuma) ou execução é permitido para alguma parte do mesmo, se o pedido permanecerá aberto até o final do dia ou até ser cancelado (referido como bom para o dia e o bem até ser cancelado, respectivamente) e tipos de pedidos, como ordem de mercado (o contrato é executado nas ofertas ou ofertas atualmente disponíveis), ordem limite (o comércio não ocorrerá, a menos que o usuário receba uma oferta em ou acima do preço exigido ou uma oferta em ou abaixo do preço exigido), ordem de parada (o comércio ocorrerá no então preço de mercado uma vez que a segurança negociou ao preço escolhido pelo usuário, referido como o preço de parada) e limite de parada (uma ordem limite que se efetiva uma vez que ocorre uma transação no preço de parada). A única diferenciação entre os sites de corretagem de ações baseados no site reside na quantidade de informações às quais os usuários têm acesso. Por exemplo, alguns sites podem fornecer notícias e estatísticas financeiras atuais, outros podem incluir dados históricos e outros podem fornecer relatórios de pesquisa de analistas.
Atualmente, existem aproximadamente trinta (30) sistemas eletrônicos de negociação envolvidos na venda on-line e / ou negociação de um, dois ou todos os títulos de tesouraria, municipais e corporativos. Esses sistemas podem ser divididos em sistemas revendedores que permitem que os usuários troquem somente com revendedores, mas não uns com os outros, sistemas de correspondência cruzada que permitem aos usuários trocarem de forma anônima, os sistemas de licitação do mercado primário que permitem aos usuários licitarem diretamente em novos questões e um sistema de emissão direta que permite aos investidores comprar títulos diretamente do emissor. Informações limitadas estão disponíveis na maioria desses sistemas, pois o acesso é limitado a usuários autorizados.
Existem também sites de informações financeiras e sistemas de rede direta que fornecem bancos de dados de notícias e informações financeiras para permitir a análise de emissores de ações, títulos e valores mobiliários e seus títulos subjacentes. A Bloomberg fornece um sistema de banco de dados de notícias e informações financeiras e fornece ao usuário a capacidade de inserir informações atualizadas para determinar o rendimento de um empréstimo bancário (a taxa de retorno, incluindo ajustes para preços de compra com um prêmio ou desconto para par medido em termos de two interest rate components, one being the floating rate of interest utilized as a base rate such as LIBOR and the other a numerical measure of the rate of interest). Bloomberg does not provide information on bank loan interest rate spreads after a transaction has closed, nor does it provide a comparative table of bank loan yields.
In addition to the above-mentioned limitations and shortcomings of currently available electronic trading systems, currently available financial websites are limited to the trading of financial assets such as even lots of stocks and bonds in the secondary market or the auction of financial assets in the primary market, in other words at the time of their initial issuance, such as the sale of treasury bonds or initial public offering of stock by on-line investment banks.
Auction websites of non-financial assets typically are conducted with a non-blind process and a preset end time. Therefore the then highest offer is revealed to users throughout the process and the website typically receives a large influx of bids just prior to the deadline since doing so generally increases the bidders' chances of success, whereas earlier bidders' efforts go unsuccessful.
Bank loan auctions are currently conducted manually by sponsors with the assistance of facsimile and telephone transmission. These manual auctions are limited in the number of participants that may be reached and the process of conducting such manual auctions may not proceed equitably. For example, blind auctions, where bids are not revealed, often do not close at or near their deadlines, indicating that the auction's sponsor is disclosing the highest bid to a favored third party in the hope of an even higher bid. In a further example, sponsors have pulled auctions when bids are too low, thereby wasting the efforts of participants who may do a significant amount of work prior to submitting a bid or offer.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a bank loan trading system that provides to prospective buyers and sellers information regarding bank loans not previously available to such parties.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic matching of buyers and sellers for the trading of bank loans.
A further object of the present invention is to provide such electronic matching of buyers and sellers that avoids the shortcoming and limitations of electronic trading systems previously mentioned.
An additional object of the present invention is to conduct electronic auctions for bank loans in a fair and equitable manner.
These and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the novel features will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, apparatus and method are provided for facilitating the trading of bank loans between buyers and sellers. Bank loan information (e. g., borrower and tranche) regarding bank loans for trading are posted to potential buyers and sellers, sellers and buyers enter offers and bids, respectively, for posted loans and the offers and bids are then posted to all potential buyers and sellers. It is determined whether a match between one of the bids and one of the offers for the same bank loan exists, and if a match exists, the matching bid and offer are filled by conducting a trade between the buyer who entered the bid and the seller who entered the offer.
As one aspect of the present invention, only unfilled bids and orders are posted.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the seller of a bank loan provides the information regarding a bank loan for sale not previously posted.
As an additional aspect of the present invention, when either a bid or an offer is entered by a buyer or seller, respectively, a dollar amount and price of the bid or offer for that bank loan are provided. The type of bid or offer also is provided and identifies the order as an All or None order, a Partial Fill order, or a Partial Increments Only order. The All or None order represents an order having a possible fill amount of only the bank loan dollar amount, the Partial Fill order represents an order having possible fill amounts between and including a minimum partial fill size and the order dollar amount, and the Partial Increments Only order represents an order having possible fill amounts of the minimum size, incremental amounts greater than the minimum size and less than the bank loan dollar amount in increments of an increment size, and the order dollar amount.
As a feature of this aspect, a match exists when bids and offers for the same loan with the same price have a common possible fill amount.
As yet a further aspect of the present invention, the actual offer is rounded off to the nearest even incremental dollar amount (e. g., $1,000,000) before it is posted and further information is posted that indicates whether the rounded amount is within a predetermined amount (e. g., $100,000) of the actual offer.
As yet another aspect of the present invention, a buyer can identify the maximum dollar amount of a loan that can be purchased with respect to a particular posted loan and a trade occurs if the loan is less than or equal to that maximum dollar amount, but if no trade occurs, the buyer is not informed of the actual amount of the offer.
As yet an additional aspect of the present invention, offers are rounded to the nearest million dollars prior to determining whether an offer and a bid match. Upon finding a match, it is determined if the amount to be sold is the actual offer amount, which may be an odd amount, or a rounded even dollar amount.
Still yet a further aspect of the present invention, offers are accepted only if filling them do not violate the terms (i. e., minimum retained amount and minimum assignment amount) of the bank loan.
Still yet another aspect of the present invention, a seller or buyer can enter a linked offer comprised of two orders with a different set of terms for the same bank loan, and upon filling one of these orders, the other order is automatically canceled.
Still yet an additional aspect of the present invention, after an order is partially filled in compliance with the order's terms, it is determined whether a second match exists for the unfilled portion of the order.
As a further aspect of the present invention, undisclosed bids and offers may be entered which are not posted to buyers and sellers.
As a feature of this aspect, if no match is found for an undisclosed order, then it is determined if the undisclosed offer or undisclosed bid is within a predetermined amount of a corresponding bid or offer, and if so, the parties making the respective offer and bid are contacted to see if a match can be made.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, apparatus and method are provided for carrying out an auction by placing by a seller of an existing bank loan, disclosing to participants in the bank loan auction information regarding the bank loan for sale, setting by the seller start and end time parameters by designating a start time and an end time, respectively, of the bank loan auction, receiving, after the start time, bids for the bank loan for sale from the participants in the bank loan auction, closing the bank loan auction at the end time, identifying the largest participant who made the largest, and conducting a trade for the bank loan for sale between the seller and said one of the participants.
As an aspect of this embodiment, the end time parameter corresponds to an elapsed time interval amount necessary to elapse with no highest bids for the bank loan auction to close.
As another aspect of this embodiment, the auction is identified as a blind auction or as a non-blind auction, and the highest bid is posted only during the non-blind auction.
As a further aspect of this embodiment, each bid received is comprised of a price and a dollar amount, the bids are ranked by their respective price, a list is generated that includes all necessary ranked bids, starting from the highest ranking and continuing down the ranking, with corresponding dollar amounts that collectively cover the dollar amount of the bank loan, and the participants whose respective bids are included in the list are identified as the buyers.
As an additional aspect of this embodiment, the seller sets a minimum acceptable bid, and the trade is discretionary to the seller if the highest bid is less than the minimum acceptable bid.
In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, apparatus and method are provided for carrying out a reverse-offer bank loan auction by placing by a buyer a bid for a bank loan to be purchased, setting by the buyer start and end time parameters designating a start time and an end time, respectively, of the reverse-offer bank loan auction, receiving, after the start time, offers to sell bank loans from participants in the reverse-offer bank loan auction, closing the reverse-offer bank loan auction at the end time, identifying one of the participants who made the lowest offer, and conducting a trade for the bank loan offered for sale between the one of the participants and the buyer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
The following detailed description, given by way of example and not intended to limit the present invention solely thereto, will be best appreciated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and parts in which:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart broadly illustrating the operation of the bank loan trading system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exemplary webpage that is displayed to users showing quote information;
FIG. 3 is an exemplary webpage that is displayed to the user when a bid or offer is initiated;
FIGS. 4A-4D represent a flow chart detailing the specific steps and inquiries taken during the offer and bid input process;
FIG. 5 is an exemplary order confirmation webpage displayed to a user upon entry of an order;
FIGS. 6A-6G represent a flow chart detailing the specific steps and inquiries taken during confirming the order and matching of bids and offers in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an exemplary webpage displayed to a user who seeks to schedule an auction;
FIG. 8 is an exemplary webpage displayed to a user who seeks to make a bid or offer in an auction;
FIG. 9 is an exemplary webpage displayed to a user participating or sponsoring an auction that requires the user to certify that it complies with particular restrictions of the loan's credit agreement; e.
FIG. 10 is an exemplary analytics webpage that can be displayed to a user.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS.
The bank loan trading system and corresponding method of the present invention, as hereinafter described, preferably is embodied within an Internet website at a particular website address such as “lexc,” but other addresses may be used. “Users” of the present invention, generally buyers (i. e., potential assignees) and sellers (i. e., potential assignors) of bank loans, access the lexc website, enter pertinent and required information as set forth by the lexc website and the lexc website matches buyers with sellers, all as discussed in detail below. It is appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the Internet and may be applied to other public or non-public forums including, but not limited to, intranets.
The bank loan trading system of the present invention provides two methods for buyers and sellers to trade bank loans and also presents information with sorting capabilities for the analysis of the bank loan offerings. In the first method for matching buyers and sellers, bids and offers are posted on the lexc website embodying the present invention. The second method entails an electronic auction.
Matching of Bids and Offers.
In accordance with the present invention, the matching of bids and offers is carried out by the process schematically illustrated by the flow chart shown in FIG. 1. Each process and step shown in FIG. 1 is discussed hereinafter. Initially, existing bank loans for sale are displayed to users accessing the website previously mentioned, as represented by step 101 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is an exemplary webpage that is displayed to users and for convenience herein is identified as “the quote page.” Of course, existing bank loans and associated information may be displayed to users in various formats.
As shown in the quote page shown in FIG. 2, existing bank loans are shown in table 20 , with each loan posted on a separate row of the table. For example, row 20 a displays a loan to the company Allied Waste, row 20 b displays a second loan to Allied Waste and row 20 c displays a loan to the company American Axle. Generally, each loan (i. e., each row of information within table 20 ) includes information pertinent to the loan itself including the loan's borrower in column 22 , the tranche in column 24 , the loan's base rate in column 26 , the loan's base rate spread in column 28 , the interest rate as of date (“IRD”) in column 30 , whether the IRU is from pre-closing, the inception date or the current date in column 32 , the revolver unutilized commitment fee in column 34 , the maturity date in column 36 and the minimum assignment in column 38 . If applicable, the amount of the loan's previous trade is displayed in column 39 (e. g., see FIG. 10 ). Other information pertinent to the loan including, but not limited to, the minimum retained amount, whether the loan interest rate is fixed or based upon a grid, the minimum retained amount, LTM or LQA, quarter ending, debt/EBITDA, EBITDA/interest, Moody's long-term rating, Moody's rating security, S&P's long-term rating, S&P's long-term rating security, and industry also may be displayed. Some of this information may change for each tranche.
The bank loan system of the present invention (hereinafter, “the system”) obtains the above-identified loan information from various known sources. In accordance with the present invention, the system is capable of obtaining information about loans for sale from the users themselves, as represented by block 102 in FIG. 1. Users may enter borrowers and tranches of loans that are not already listed or posted by the system and may enter not-yet listed tranches of loans for sale having borrowers who already are listed by the system. Here, a user provides to the system the borrower's name and the tranche, and the system, either automatically or via supporting personnel, obtains the maturity date and industry of the loan. Other information regarding the loan, mentioned above, may be obtained from the user or through other means. The user-supplied information will be verified by the system and/or the supporting personnel prior to the loan's posting.
In addition to the above-mentioned loan information, table 20 shown in FIG. 2 also displays, if any exist, current bids and offers for each loan. If a bid currently exists for a particular loan, then the bid, the size of that bid, the terms of that bid and the minimum fill size are displayed in the appropriate row in columns 40 , 42 , 44 and 48 , respectively. Similarly, if an offer currently exists for a respective posted loan, then the offer, the size of that offer, so-called odd size information, the terms of that offer and the minimum fill size are shown in columns 50 , 52 , 54 , 56 and 58 , respectively. Information regarding bids and offers shown in columns 40 , 42 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 56 and 58 are discussed further below.
The quote page shown in FIG. 2 further includes a table 60 that displays to the user information pertinent to the bids and offers made by that particular user. Other information also is displayed within the quote page, as further discussed below.
Bids and Offers.
Users can enter a bid or offer pertaining to a particular tranche on the listed bank loans, as represented by block 103 in FIG. 1. Such a bid or offer is initiated by selecting an appropriate selection within the quote page shown in FIG. 2, such. as box 70 shown, or by “double-clicking” a particular row within table 20 , or carrying out another appropriate event. FIG. 3 is an exemplary webpage that is displayed to the user when a bid or offer is initiated. As shown in FIG. 3, the user is asked to enter information about the loan. For example, if the minimum assignment amount is not already in the system, the user will be asked to enter the amount. If the loan has a grid for the base rate spread depending on the financial characteristics of the borrower, then the user will be asked to input the most recent base rate spread and the underlying base rate, as well as supply to the system (e. g., via a facsimile communication) a funding report that verifies the entered information. If the tranche offered is a revolver or pro rata offering of revolver and term loan, then the user will be asked to provide the unutilized commitment fee.
In addition to the above user-supplied information, the user is asked to identify how long the order (i. e., bid or offer) will be outstanding. For example, possible choices for expiration include good until cancel, good until the end of the day or good until an expiration date, hour and minute chosen by the user. In addition, orders can be canceled at any time prior to the chosen expiration time/date.
Further, the user is asked to enter the bid or offer price and the amount. As is well known, bank debt prices are measured in terms of points which equal the percentage of the par amount of the loan. For example, a price of 99.5 means the loan is priced at 99.5% of the par amount. 99.5 is also 0.5 points less than par. The price tendered and the loan amount equate to that displayed in columns 40 and 42 (for bids) and columns 50 and 52 (for offers) in table 20 in FIG. 2. The user also is asked to enter the terms of the bid or offer with regard to the size of the bank loan willing to be purchased or sold. The terms selected equates to that information displayed in column 44 (for bids) and column 56 (for offers) in table 20 . If the user seeks no partial order, then “All or None” is selected thereby requiring another user's matching bid or offer to match exactly or to closely match (as discussed below with regard to “odd”) the amount of the current user's order. An example of an “All or None” bid is shown in row 20 c in table 20 of FIG. 2, wherein the bidder (i. e., prospective purchaser) seeks to purchase the entire $5 million of a pro rata loan to American Axle.
If the user is willing to enter into a trade of less than the entire amount of the user's own bid or offer, then the user can select one of the following two alternative set of terms. The user can select the term “Partial Fill≧Minimum Size (Partial Fill)” thereby allowing for a matching bid or offer to equal the designated minimum size (which is an even million dollar amount), to equal any even million dollar amount higher than the minimum size and at least one million less than the order amount rounded to the nearest million, or to equal the exact offered amount. As an example of this selection, a user offers $12 million with the requirement Partial Fill≧$5 million and thus the user is willing to enter into a trade in the amounts of $5 million, $6 million, $7 million upwards to $12 million (the entire amount). The user also can select the term “Partial Increments≧Minimum Size (Partial Increments Only)” as shown in FIG. 3, thereby allowing for a matching bid or offer to equal the designated minimum size, to equal any amount above the minimum in increments of $5 million or some multiple thereof (e. g., $5 million, $10 million, $15 million, etc.) as chosen by the user, or to equal the exact offer amount. As an example of this selection, a user offers $22 million with the requirement “Partial $5 Million Increments Only≧$7 Million” and thus the user is willing to enter into a trade in the amounts of $7 million (the minimum), $10 million, $15 million, $20 million (representing the partial incremental amounts) or $22 million (the ad entire amount). In another embodiment, the system trades in the amounts of, for example, $7 million (the minimum), $12 million, $17 million, (representing the partial incremental amounts) or $22 million (the entire amount). Thus, the present invention is not limited to the numbers and increments provided herein.
Transactions in Odd Amounts.
Bank loans, unlike bonds, may be held in odd amounts. For example, bonds are typically issued in even $1,000 par amounts. In contrast, bank loans may be allocated amongst a bank group with odd amounts rounded to the nearest cent. In addition, even if the bank loan was allocated in even million dollar increments during syndication, prepayments and scheduled amortization payments may result in borrowers owing odd amounts to members of the bank group. As buyers and sellers may wish to maintain their anonymity, as do the system operators wish to maintain the anonymity of its users prior to the matching of bids and offers (discussed below), and revealing an exact amount offered for sale may provide information that will help identify the seller making an offer, the system displays even million dollar amounts and employs methods, rules and algorithms to provide for trades in odd amounts.
The first rule is that buyers must bid in even million dollar amounts. Sellers can make offers in odd amounts, meaning an exact amount to the nearest cent, but that amount will be displayed by the system rounded to the nearest million dollars. In addition to displaying offers rounded off to the nearest million dollars (in column 52 in FIG. 2 ), the system displays the previously mentioned “odd size information” (in column 54 ) that identifies whether the displayed amount (i. e., the rounded amount) is within $100,000 of the exact amount of the offer. If so, the odd size information column is left blank. If not, the odd size information column is provided with the term “odd.” For example, an “odd” $5 million dollar offer represents an offer that falls between the values $4,500,000.01 and $4,899,999.99 or falls between the values $5,100,000.01 and $5,500,000.00. An “even” $5 million dollar offer therefore represents an exact offer of an amount within (and including) the range $4,900,000.00 and $5,100,000.00. Although it is preferred to utilize an offset of $100,000 as the gauge to identify an offer as odd or even, other amounts, such as $50,000, $75,000, $150,000, etc., may be used.
In general, since buyers are highly likely to accept non-exact offers, notification to the potential buyer that an offer either is or is not within $100,000 of the stated amount is, for most purposes, sufficient. If a buyer requires further information, that buyer may inquire further by either personally contacting (e. g., via telephone) personnel operating the system or, alternatively, making an appropriate request via his or her own computer terminal. In either case, however, the system (or its personnel) does not disclose the exact offer amount until after the order has been filled (i. e., the buyer finally accepts). For example, if the buyer can not buy more than $5,250,000 of a loan and the offer is an “odd” $5 million, the buyer can inform the system (or its personnel) of the $5,250,000 limitation. This action operates as an offer to buy the “odd” $5 million loan if the exact amount is equal to or below $5,250,000. If the exact offer amount is less than or equal to $5,250,000, then the order is filled, at which time the buyer is informed of the exact amount. On the other hand, if the exact offer amount is greater than $5,250,000, the buyer is advised only that the order was not filled. By obligating the buyer to the above process, buyers are prevented from “fishing” for information to identify who the seller may potentially be.
FIGS. 4A-4D represents a flow chart detailing the specific steps and inquiries taken during the above-discussed order and bid input process. As shown in FIG. 4A, inquiry 200 determines if a bid or offer is being made. For an offer, the process for determining the particular selections to be included within the bid and offer input webpage (FIG. 3) begins at step 201 . Inquiries 202 , 203 and 205 and steps 204 and 206 concern grid, base rate spread, pro rata and revolver information. The minimum assignment amount of the bank loan in issue is either known or entered at inquiry 207 and steps 208 , 209 . The seller then enters the offer at step 210 (FIG. 4 B). If a bid is being made, the buyer enters the bid at step 211 .
After the bid or offer is entered, inquiries pertaining to the type of bid or offer are made at steps 212 - 216 . At inquiry 217 (FIG. 4 C), the system inquires as to whether the order is “linked” (discussed below) and if so, inquiries regarding the linked order are made at steps 218 - 223 . Finally, the user enters the expiration date and time of the offer at inquiry 224 (FIG. 4 D), this information is displayed at step 225 , and a confirmation page (shown in FIG. 5) is generated during process 226 (discussed below).
Matching of Offers and Bids.
After at least one bid (by a potential buyer) and at least one offer (by a potential seller) pertaining to the same loan (i. e., the same borrower and tranche) have been entered into the system at the same price or at a price in which the bid exceeds that of the offer, the system carries out the process of determining whether a match exists, as represented by block 104 in FIG. 1. Initially, each offer is rounded to the nearest million dollars and, as required, each bid already is in an even million dollar amount. As previously discussed, each offer and bid can be an “All or None” type bid, a “Partial Fill” type bid, or an “Partial Increments Only” type bid. Offers and bids are compared to one another to determine whether a match exists there between. Using standard logic routines, the existence of matches between offers and bid is obtained. Table 1 below shows example bids and offers, showing both the actual offers and the offers rounded off to the nearest million dollars (in millions), the bids (in millions), as well as the amounts (in millions) of the matches that exist.
After identifying whether a match exists between a particular offer and bid, the system determines whether the buyer is subject to purchase an even million dollar amount (i. e., the offer amount rounded to the nearest million) or the exact amount of the offer (i. e., the unrounded amount), as represented by block 105 in FIG. 1. If the matched amount represents the entire offer rounded to the nearest million, then the buyer is subject to purchasing the exact amount of the offer. Thus, if the entire offer is filled by a single trade, the buyer must accept the actual offer amount, which may be as much as $500,000 above or below the buyer's bid. If, on the other hand, the entire offer is not filled by the trade (i. e., the match represents an amount in millions less than the rounded-off offer), then the buyer is subject to purchasing only the matched amount, which is an even million dollar amount. Therefore, the outstanding amount of the loan still retained by the seller generally is an odd amount equal to the actual offer less the even million dollar matched amount. Table 2 below shows the example bids (in millions) and offers previously set forth in Table 1 along with the corresponding amounts of the loan to be transferred to the purchaser.
Prioritizing Multiples Bids and Orders.
Generally, a “better” bid for a particular loan is represented by a second bid of the same dollar amount as the first bid but the second bid has a higher price than the first bid. Similarly, a “better” offer is represented by a second offer of the same dollar amount as the first offer but the second offer has a lower price than the first offer. In these instances, the order with the lower bid or greater offer is canceled and a new order is filled.
The following priority is followed when more than one existing order matches a newly entered order: (1) best price (if a bid price exceeds an offer price, the difference between the two is split); (2) largest size (the order that allows the largest amount of the order to be filled is utilized); (3) time priority (if two existing orders match the new order and both provide the same size trade, the first order to be entered is utilized).
Compliance with Minimum Assignment and Retained Amount Terms.
As previously discussed, the seller of a bank loan generally is imposed with two restrictions when assigning the bank loan to a buyer: compliance with the loan's minimum assignment amount and the loan's minimum retained amount. The minimum assignment amount sets a floor for the amount to be traded and the minimum retained amount pertains to the amount the assignor or seller of the bank loan will continue to hold after assignment of a partial amount of its commitment. These amounts may and often differ from the minimum fill size chosen by users in Partial Fill and Partial Increments Only order fill instructions previously discussed. The loan's minimum assignment, if known, is posted in column 38 of table 20 shown in FIG. 2, as previously mentioned. The loan's minimum retained amount may be posted in the system, but is currently not embodied in the system.
Since bank loans typically provide for both minimum assignment amount and minimum retained amount restrictions, sellers of such loans may have difficulty or be inhibited from using Partial Fill or Partial Increments Only order fill instructions since a partial fill (i. e., an assignment of a portion, not the entire amount, of the loan) may result in the seller retaining less than the minimum retained amount. For example, a seller owns a $17 million loan with a minimum retained amount restriction of $5 million, and the seller seeks to sell as much of the bank loan as possible. Given this scenario, the seller offers the entire loan as a $17 million Partial≧$5 million offer. However, a buyer's purchase of $15 million results in the seller retaining $2 million in violation of the bank loan credit agreement.
To solve the aforementioned loan violation from occurring, the system of the present invention allows users to create so-called “linked” orders. A user (a buyer or seller) may enter two bids or two offers with respect to the same loan, and then “link” those bids or offers so that when one of those bids or offers is filled, the other is immediately canceled. Given the above example wherein the seller owns a $17 million bank loan with a minimum retained amount restriction of $5 million, the seller can enter a $12 million Partial≧$5 million offer (as the first order) and then enter a second linked order as a $17 million All or None offer. If the second order is filled, then the first order is canceled. Conversely, if the first order is filled, the second order is canceled. Table 3 below illustrates the possible outcomes for this example. Since the system seeks to fill the largest orders first, the All or None offer is first attempted to be filled prior to filling partial orders.
Additional Trade on Retained Amount.
If less then the entire amount of an order (bid or offer) is filled, then the system checks whether the amount of the loan retained by the seller or the amount of a bid still unfilled can be filled, as represented by block 106 in FIG. 1. That is, if an offer is partially filled (by the first match), then the system determines whether the unfilled amount (i. e., the amount retained by the seller) can be filled by another bid (a second match). Similarly, if a bid is partially filled (with the first match), then the system determines whether the unfilled amount (i. e., the difference between the bid and the first match) can be filled by another offer (a second match).
The above determination of whether a second match is possible (and, if possible, a third match, a fourth match, etc.) is carried out for both linked and non-linked orders. During this determination process, the system repeats the above-discussed matching process for the unfilled amounts and assumes a Partial Fill order fill instruction. This assumption maximizes the chance of a second match. Alternatively, although not preferred, the type of order for unfilled amounts for both offers and bids use the same type of order as the original order (i. e., “Partial Fill” or “Partial Increments Only”). If second and subsequent matches are found, the user(s) involved are notified that their offers or bids that are not fully satisfied (i. e., the entire amounts thereof are not bought or sold) can be filled fully or partially by one or more additional trades, depending on the circumstances. Since users generally are obligated to conduct only one trade per offer or bid, a user can decline subsequent trades.
Avoiding Broken Trades—Possible Order Fill Amounts and Seller Compliance Representation.
The present invention seeks to prevent the user's ability to “break” trades, that is, not complete a trade after a match has been made. One possible way for a seller to break or not close a trade is when the actual carrying out of that trade would be in violation of the bank loan's minimum assignment amount or minimum retained amount restrictions. If such non-closure of trades were allowed, then buyers may miss opportunities to purchase loans elsewhere possibly resulting in increased expense to the buyer. All of this in turn may result in loss of support for the system by the users themselves.
To prevent the foregoing possible non-closure of trades from occurring, the system has a number of safe-guards, one of which is its confirmation process. Firstly, upon entry of an order (offer or bid), the user's order is posted to that user as an order confirmation webpage, such as shown in FIG. 5. The order confirmation webpage may repeat some or most of the information that the user entered in the Bid and Offer Input page shown in FIG. 3. The order confirmation webpage further repeats the offer or bid amount with the associated fill instructions (i. e., “All or None”, “Partial Fill”, “Partial Increments Only”) and all of the, fill amounts that can satisfy the order. This information presented to the user ensures that the user is aware. of the possible outcomes of the order and bears most significance in the requirement that the seller represent that the minimum assignment amounts and minimum retained amounts as provided in the credit agreement are complied with.
Table 4 below shows exemplary offer amounts and fill instructions that may be entered by a seller and the “possible fill amounts” that would be provided to the user upon entry thereof. Similarly, Table 5 below shows exemplary bid amounts and fill instructions that may be entered by a buyer and the “possible fill amounts” that would be provided to the user upon entry thereof.
The order confirmation webpage further requires a seller to confirm that if a trade is conducted, that such trade would not be in violation of any relevant credit documents, specifically the minimum assignment amount and minimum retained amount restrictions thereof, regardless of whether the order was partially or fully filled. Since sellers already have the credit documents by virtue of their participation in the bank loan facility and buyers may not necessarily already be in the facility and have access to the credit agreement, the onus is on sellers to confirm that only amounts equal to or in excess of the minimum assignment amount can possibly be traded and any retained amount be equal to or in excess of the minimum retained amount.
The order confirmation page further may request that the seller confirm the amount of the minimum assignment amount of the credit agreement, for example, by sending via facsimile a copy of the credit agreement containing such information, if such information was not already confirmed.
The present invention further allows users to place undisclosed orders within the system. Undisclosed orders (bids or offers) are identical in all respects to the previously discussed bids and offers, except they are not displayed to users (e. g., on the quote page shown in FIG. 2 ). By providing an undisclosed bid or offer, the user's order will not move the price of the loan against that user's position, whereas a disclosed order might move the price. Generally, when a borrower is experiencing financial or operating difficulty, the placement of an offer to sell a loan concerning that borrower may induce other potential sellers to post offers at lower prices. This disadvantageous result to the seller is prevented by placing an undisclosed order.
As with disclosed orders, if an entered order matches an undisclosed order, a trade takes place. However, if a bid and an offer are within 1.5 points (or other suitably close position) of one another and one or both of the bid and offer are undisclosed, the system or, alternatively, the system's personnel determines the likelihood of a trade taking place. If a trade is likely to occur, then the two users involved are notified of the proximity of the opposing orders. The system or personnel will then negotiate with both sides to complete a trade. This additional intervention by the system advantageously results in trades that otherwise would not take place when undisclosed orders are involved.
The above-discussed functions and features of confirming the order and matching of bids and offers, whether disclosed or undisclosed, with the various confirmations are further schematically illustrated in the flow chart shown in FIGS. 6A-6G. Steps 300 - 304 concern user authentication security measures. User order information is printed at step 305 and based upon whether the order is a bid or an offer, as determined at inquiry 306 , the process proceeds to step 307 for an offer and inquiry 316 (FIG. 6B) for a bid. Steps 307 - 310 concern compliance with the credit agreement. Inquiries 311 and 316 determine if the indicated borrower is in the system and if not, a user message is provided at step 312 . Similarly, inquiries 314 and 317 determine if the indicated tranche is in the system and if not, a user message is provided at 315 . The system's personnel is notified at step 313 . For offers, the system verifies that the grid or that the tranche's base rate and base rate spread are in the system at inquiries 318 and 319 (FIG. 6 C). If not, the user is informed at step 320 . Whether the minimum assignment information is in the system is determined at inquiry 321 and if not, the user is asked to provide proof of the minimum assignment amount at request 322 .
Inquiry 323 verifies that the order amount is not less than the minimum size indicated. If it is, steps 324 - 325 advise the user. Inquiry 326 (FIG. 6D) verifies that the minimum size indicated is not less than the minimum assignment amount. If it is, steps 327 - 328 advise the user. Steps 329 - 332 concern providing advice to the user concerning the order, if necessary. Inquiry 333 and step 334 allow the user to return to the bid and offer input webpage, if desired.
At step 335 (FIG. 6 E), the order is entered into the system and at step 336 , the process for finding a match for the order begins. Inquiry 337 determines it a match exists and if so, steps 338 - 351 (FIGS. 6E and 6F) are carried out. If, on the other hand, no match exists, then the system determines if another similar bid or offer already exists at inquiry 352 (FIG. 6G) and steps 353 - 358 determine which bid is greater or offer is lower and cancels the other bid or offer. Then, if the order currently being made is accepted, inquiry 359 determines if it is an undisclosed order. If so, an inquiry is made as to whether the order is within 1.5 points of an opposing order at inquiry 361 and if so, system personnel are notified at step 363 . Disclosed orders are posted by the system at step 360 .
In addition to the above-described method and facility for matching buyers with sellers of bank loans, the bank loan trading system of the present invention further utilizes electronic auctions on the lexc website (or other suitable site), as discussed below.
Currently, in the bank loan market, auctions generally are conducted by the firm selling (or buying in a reverse-offer auction) the bank loan. This firm is also referred to as the sponsor of the auction. As previously mentioned, without clearly-defined rules and a third party following generally accepted or standardized procedures, many auctions are conducted with less than fair and equitable results. This in turn discourages participants from engaging in announced auctions for fear their due diligence prior to their participation will become a wasted effort. Accordingly, participants often will not participate or put their best efforts or bids into an auction. With reduced participation due to a history of poorly conducted auctions by various sponsors, sponsors likely experience lower bids or higher reverse-offers. Furthermore, since the participants in auctions are generally dealer desks, these dealers are receiving their compensation from the difference in the price paid by the dealer's buyer and the bid provided to the sponsor. This further reduces the amount received or increases the amount paid by the sponsor.
In accordance with the present invention, the system (via its website) provides clear rules that ensures fair and equitable execution of bank loan auctions. In addition, the system of the present invention bypasses dealers, thereby increasing the proceeds or reducing the purchase cost to the sponsor. Three types of auctions may be carried out by the present invention: standard, blind and dutch. Table 80 shown in FIG. 2 provides various information regarding currently scheduled auctions and FIG. 7 is an exemplary webpage displayed to a user who seeks to schedule an auction. FIG. 8 is an exemplary webpage displayed to a user who seeks to make a bid or offer in an auction.
The system of the present invention allows the user to schedule a so-called “standard auction” which places a bank loan for sale to the highest bidder until the “gavel falls.” A pre-announced start date and time and the allotted time “before the gavel falls” are provided by that user. At the start of the auction, the system accepts bids and continuously posts the highest bid. This type of auction remains open so long as increasing bids continue to be entered. The action closes after no new bids are received for a stated interval of time. Therefore, the system continues to conduct the auction until an amount of time, e. g., five minutes, has elapsed since the last bid was entered. During the auction, the current highest bid and the amount of time remaining (which time is reset upon receipt of a new highest bid) are posted to users. Reverse offers also are possible and operate in a similar manner. The system “refreshes” the information displayed to users at a rate significantly faster than the amount of time that must elapse before the auction closes, thus ensuring that the Internet-conducted auction is fair to all users. For example, the system may provide a refresh rate of 15 seconds versus 5 minutes for the period for the gavel to fall.
The system further allows users to schedule so-called blind auctions at a preset date and time. In a blind auction, the auction closes at a pre-announced time, but bids, including the highest bid, are not posted by the system to either the auction's participants or the sponsor of the loan. This ensures that all participants equally lack bidding information. Reverse-offer blind auctions also may be scheduled.
The system also allows users to schedule dutch auctions, which are similar to blind auctions, but provide for the sale of the loan (or purchase of a loan in a reverse offer) to one or more participants. Thus, while blind auctions can be considered to be an All or None type order, Dutch auctions may be partially filled by a number of auction participants. In the Dutch auction, the auction price for all purchasers is the lowest bid made by the eventual purchasers (representing the highest bidders) or, in the case of a reverse offer, is the highest offer made by the eventual sellers (representing the lowest offerors). Table 6 below shows example bids made during a Dutch auction sale of $50 million of a loan.
Participants providing Bid # 1 , Bid # 2 and Bid # 3 would all pay 98.00.
Once an auction is entered or posted by the system, it may not be removed. Sponsors are required to place a minimum acceptable bid for which they will sell their loan or a maximum acceptable offer for which they will pay for a loan in a reverse-offer auction. Thus, the sponsor is not forced to accept below-market bids or above-market offers and participants are assured that if they place a bid above the a minimum acceptable bid or an offer below the maximum acceptable offer, the sponsor cannot refuse such bid or offer if no better bid or offer exists. Therefore, the participant knows that if the minimum acceptable bid or maximum acceptable offer is reasonable, then it may not be a waste of time to conduct due diligence to participate in the auction because the auction can not be stopped prior to completion. In addition, knowing that their bid or offer can not be shopped at the end of the auction provides the participant with the knowledge that his effort to make a bid or offer will not be inappropriately used by the sponsor to achieve a better bid or offer from a favored third party. Bids and offers may be entered that fall below the designated minimum acceptable bid or above the maximum acceptable offer, respectively. In the case that the highest bid still falls below the minimum acceptable bid or the lowest offer still is above the maximum acceptable offer, the system provides the sponsor the opportunity to accept or reject the best bid or offer.
The system further allows the sponsor of an auction, prior to or during the auction, to modify various criteria previously set but only if such modification increases the likelihood of a completed trade. The system allows the sponsor to decrease its minimum acceptable bid and, similarly, to increase its maximum acceptable offer. Such changes could only tend to increase the likelihood of a successful, completed trade. Increasing the minimum acceptable bid or decreasing the maximum acceptable offer disadvantageously decreases the likelihood of a completed trade and thus is forbidden.
The system further allows participants in an auction to only increase their bids or decrease their offers (in a reverse-offer). In dutch auctions, participants can also increase the dollar amount tendered, but not decrease it.
Auctions Must Comply with Credit Agreement.
Whether the sponsor or the participant is the seller in a sale auction or reverse-offer auction, respectively, the system requires the seller to represent its compliance with the minimum assignment and retained amounts restrictions of the credit agreement. FIG. 9 is an exemplary webpage displayed to a user sponsoring and participating in an auction that requires the user to certify that it complies with these restrictions of the credit agreement.
System Analytics and Sorting Capability.
In addition to the foregoing matching of sellers and buyers of bank loans and bank loan auctions, the system of the present invention further allows users thereof to arrange the aforementioned bank loan data, including the offers and bidders thereof, in different manners on the users' computer monitors. FIG. 10 is an exemplary so-called analytics webpage that can be displayed to a user. Table 90 shown in FIG. 10 is similar to table 20 shown in FIG. 2, but table 90 is adapted for the purpose of comparing posted loans in different manners. For example, loans shown in table 90 can be sorted using any column therein as the sorting criteria. Thus, loans can be sorted chronologically depending on their quarter ending date, loans can be sorted numerically based on their total yield to an assumed maturity date (chosen as a percentage of time until maturity), and so on. For the sort on the yield, the system can assume the loan is outstanding for only 50% of the stated time until maturity. Therefore a premium or discount is amortized in half the amount of time, thereby reducing or increasing the yield, respectively. Given this feature of the present invention, users are able to quickly and easily obtain useful information helpful in their decision to make appropriate bids and offers.
In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, the disclosed system and corresponding method may be applied to the trading of bonds whereby setting matching rules or utilizing auctions could increase the liquidity for, or in other words increase the number of buyers and sellers interested in, the trading of bonds. Since most bonds are traded over-the-counter, therefore through dealers acting as middlemen rather than through exchanges, and the trading in any particular issue of bond is generally not as active as with stocks, there are generally a limited number of dealers through which an investor can buy or sell the desired bonds. Due to this lack of trading in any given bond, the cost of execution is generally more expensive for bonds than stocks due to a lack of liquidity or demand for secondary purchases of the bonds. Therefore dealers acting as middlemen have to spend more time and effort to execute transactions. In addition, with limited competition and limited publication of market prices, the dealers may charge a large amount or excessive mark-up for trade execution.
With the present invention applied to bonds, execution could be significantly more efficient as the number of potential buyers or sellers could increase and contacting these investors would be less expensive, thereby reducing the cost of execution. Furthermore, the rounding and matching method described in the present invention could increase the number of trades executed as it provides a method for matching buyers and sellers of unusual amounts and sizes. For example, bonds are typically issued in amounts of $1,000 per bond and trade in multiples of $100,000 or 100 bonds. If a seller has 231 bonds (worth $231,000), utilizing rules similar to that for bank loans whereby the buyers are subject to having their bids filled in odd amounts, the seller may sell its bonds to a buyer who placed a bid for 200 bonds plus or minus 50 bonds. Therefore, the rounding mechanism could increase the liquidity for odd-size trades of bonds. Further, an announced auction may increase interest in any particular sale or reverse-offer purchase of bonds.
Similarly, the present invention may be applied to the trading of large blocks of stocks where the utilization of existing bid and offer systems on exchanges may cause large order imbalances that significantly and adversely impact the sale price. Exchanges will typically display bids and offers for stock up to amounts of $1,000,000 for example. If an order were placed for $5,000,000 or more, the sheer size of this order may move the market price against the party placing the order. Block trades are therefore typically conducted through block trading desks of broker-dealers. Similar to trading bonds over the counter, utilizing these block trading desks may result in expensive execution as the large amount of the trade may require an extensive effort and. large risk to resell the large position. Therefore, like the trading of bonds, utilizing the disclosed system and either the auction method or the rounding and matching method in accordance with the present invention may be more efficient and less expensive than the current method of trading though dealers' block trading desks.
Another possible application of the present invention is to the trading of odd lots of stocks. Stock trades are usually executed in amounts of 100 shares of stock. The present invention could apply the rounding and matching method previously discussed to post even amounts of the number of shares that may lead to the filling of odd-size number of share trades.
The linked order aspect of the present invention could be used to allow sellers to post very specific alternative fill instructions for stocks and bonds. E. g., a seller may wish to sell only either $1,000,000 of bonds or $750,000 of bonds. This could be accomplished with a linked order of $1,000,000 All or None and $750,000 All or None.
The system's auction function could also be applied to other financial assets. In other markets where the financial assets may be somewhat illiquid, therefore there may not be a competitive bid for all specific assets for sale, sellers may wish to sell the specific asset by way of auction. This applies especially to large financial assets sales where the dutch auction method described herein would allow a large sale to be divided into small portions allowing for better execution of the sale.
In addition to the auctioning of financial assets, the present invention can be applied to the auctioning of non-financial assets. For both financial and non-financial assets, the present invention solves two issues at once. First, auctions with displayed prices and fixed end times create a rush to bid near the end time. By having a fixed end time, higher bids that may have been submitted given more time (or an open end until the “gavel falls”) would be prevented. Second, on-line auctions create an environment allowing for more participants, especially as most participants are not in the business of traveling to participate in small or one-off auctions. If a displayed-price auction is desired, then an on-line, open-ended auction would reach the most participants and generate the best bid because of (1) not preventing a higher bid (as discussed above), and (2) encouraging more participants such that more participants generates more bids, which generally will generate a higher highest bid in the long run.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described in conjunction with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the present invention has been described with respect to the trading and auctioning of bank loans, the present invention is not limited solely thereto and may be widely applied to the trading and auctioning of other financial interests within the secondary market, such as real estate and project finance loans As another example, although the present invention has been described as being a functional website on the Internet, the present invention suitably may be applied to intranets or even the non-computer forum.
Therefore, it is intended that appended claims be interpreted as including the embodiments described herein, the alternatives mentioned above and all equivalents thereto.